MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code : Programming For Problem Solving Techniques-19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Introduction to computer software

Introduction :

 Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function.

 A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

1. Knowledge of computer

2. Knowledge of software

Detailed content of the Lecture:

 Computer: A programmable electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed

mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the accurate results of these

operations.

 It can expanded as C – Common, O- Operating, M- Machine, P- Purposely, U - Used for , T-

Technological ,E –Educational and R -Research

Components of Computer System

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Computer comprises of software and Hardware

Computer – Software

 Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function

 A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem

There are two types of software

1. System Software :

 The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend

the processing capabilities of the computer itself

 System software is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers

 These software written in low-level languages, which interact with the hardware at a very

basic level

 System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users

 Examples : Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc.

2. Application Software

 Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular

environment

 It is a collection of programs, often called a software package, which work together to

accomplish user task, such as a spreadsheet package

 Some examples: Payroll Software , Student Record Software , Income Tax Software and

Railways Reservation Software

Difference between hardware and Software :

Hardware

Software

Hardware is further divided into four main

categories:

• Input Devices

• Output Devices

• Secondary Storage Devices

• CPU

Software is further divided into two main

categories:

• Application Software

• System Software

Developed using electronic and other materials

Developed by using a programming language

When damaged, it can be replaced with a new

component

When damaged it can be installed once more using

a backup copy

Hardware is physical in nature and hence one can

touch and see hardware

The software cannot be physically touched but still

can be used and seen

Hardware cannot be infected by Viruses

The software can be infected by Viruses

An example of Hardware is hard drives, monitors,

CPU, scanners, printers etc..

An example of software is Windows 10, Adobe

Photoshop, Google Chrome etc..

Difference between System Software and Application Software:

Key

System Software

Application Software

Definition

System Software is the type of software which

is the interface between application software

and system

Application Software is the type of

software which runs as per user

request. It runs on the platform which

is provide by system software

Development

Language

low level language

high level language

Usage

System software is used for operating computer

hardware

Application software is used by user

to perform specific task

Installation

Installed on the computer when operating

system is installed

Application software are installed

according to user’s requirements

Dependency

System software can run independently, It

provides platform for running application

software

Application software can’t run

independently. They can’t run

without the presence of system

software

Examples

compiler, assembler, debugger, driver, etc

word processor, web browser, media

player, etc.

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvfAT2ahIcU

https://www.centralacademy.ac.in/software-its-types

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:

Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second

Edition.pp 1-5

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD

MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code : Programming For Problem Solving Techniques-19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Program Design Tools: Algorithms, Flowcharts, Pseudo codes

Introduction :

Program Design tools are the tools used to develop a program. Popular tools and technique used to

represent the programs are Algorithm, Flowchart, and Pseudocode

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

1. Knowledge on Software

2. Concept of Program

Detailed content of the Lecture:

Types of Computer Language

 Computer language is defined as code or syntax which is used to write programs or any

specific applications

 The computer language is used to communicate with computers

 Three categories assembly language, machine language, and high-level language

1. Machine Language

 The Machine language is considered a low-level language

 Other name -machine code or object code

 Which is set of binary digits 0 and 1

 These binary digits are understood and read by a computer system

 Example of machine language for the text “Hello World”.

01001000 0110101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000 01010111 01101111 01110010

01101100 01100100

2. Assembly Language

 Intermediate-level language for microprocessors

 It is second-generation language

3. High-Level Language

 The high-level language is easy to understand and

 human-readable program

 Examples: C++, C, JAVA, FORTRAN, etc..

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Algorithm :

 An algorithm in general is a sequence of steps to solve a particular problem

 Algorithms are universal

 The algorithm you use in C programming language is also the same algorithm you use in

every other language

Qualities of a good algorithm

1. Input and output should be defined precisely

2. Each steps in algorithm should be clear and unambiguous

3. Algorithm should be most effective among many different ways to solve a problem

4. An algorithm shouldn't have computer code

5. Instead, the algorithm should be written in such a way that, it can be used in similar

programming languages

Examples of Algorithms In Programming

Write an algorithm to add two numbers entered by user

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum.

Step 3: Read values num1 and num2.

Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum

sum←num1+num2

Step 5: Display sum

Step 6: Stop

Flowchart

 A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process

 A flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-

by-step approach to solving a task.

 The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the

boxes with arrows

Some of the symbols used for flowchart and Example is shown below:

Pseudocode

 It cannot be compiled or run like a regular program.

 Pseudocodecan be written how you want.

 Syntax is a set of rules on how to use and organize statements in a programming language

Advantages of Pseudocode

 Improves the readability of any approach

 It’s one of the best approaches to start implementation of an algorithm

 Acts as a bridge between the program and the algorithm or flowchart

 Also works as a rough documentation, so the program of one developer can be understood

easily when a pseudo code is written out

 In industries, the approach of documentation is essential, and that’s where a pseudo-code

proves vital

 The main goal of a pseudo code is to explain what exactly each line of a program should do,

hence making the code construction phase easier for the programmer

Examples of Pseudocode

If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print "passed"

else Print "failed"

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXQOekzLwFA

https://www.edrawsoft.com/flowchart/program-flowchart-definition.html

https://www.edureka.co/blog/introduction-to-c-programming-algorithms

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.: Computer Fundamentals

and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second Edition.pp429-431

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD

MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code : Programming For Problem Solving Techniques-19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Structure of a C program, Writing the first C program

Introduction :

It represents the way how C Program is written and what is the part present in its structure.

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

 Program Design Tools

 Basic concpt of Program software

Detailed content of the Lecture:

Structure of a C program :C program basically consists of the following parts

 Comments

 Preprocessor Commands

 Functions

 Variables

 Statements & Expressions

Documentation section:

 This is a comment block, used by others to understand the code. and

 It is ignored by the compiler.

 Comment can be used anywhere in the program to add info about the program or code

block,

 Which will be helpful for developers to understand the existing code in the future easily?

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// Comment - single Comment line

/* Comment */ - multiple comment line

Preprocessor command

 The first line of the program

#include <stdio.h>

 is a preprocessor command, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to

actual compilation

Definition section

#define

 variable value –used to define values for the variables globally.

Main function-

 main() is the main function where the program execution begins.

 It consists of Declaration part & Execution part / Body of main function

Declaration part

 Is used to declare all variables that will be used within the program.

Execution part / Body of main function

 There needs to be at least one statement in the executable part, and these two parts are

declared within the opening and closing curly braces of the main().

Function

 The sub-program section deals with all user-defined functions that are called from the

main()

 These user-defined functions are declared and usually defined after the main() function

printf(...)

 is another function available in C which causes the message to be displayed on the screen

Writing the first C program:

#include <stdio.h> // Preprocessor command

int main() // main function

{

/* Our first simple C basic program */ -// Comment line

printf("Hello World! ");

getch();

return 0;

}

OUTPUT:Hello World!

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLXsoqkTiiA

https://www.studytonight.com/c/first-c-program.php

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:

Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second

Edition.pp14-16

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD

MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code : Programming For Problem Solving Techniques-19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Keywords, Identifiers, Basic Data Types in C

Introduction :

Characters are grouped together to form meaningful words and these meaningful words are termed

as Tokens. Tokens are broadly categorized into following categories and they are as follows:Keywords,

Identifiers, Constants, Operators, Special symbols

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

 Structure of a C program

 Knowledge on C Tokens

Detailed content of the Lecture:

Keywords in C

 Keywords are predefined, reserved words used in programming

 It have a special meaning

 Keywords are part of the syntax and they cannot be used as an identifier

For example: int a; // Here, int is a keyword

Keywords in C Programming

auto

break

case

char

const

continue

default

double

else

enum

extern

float

for

goto

int

long

return

short

signed

sizeof

static

struct

switch

typedef

union

unsigned

void

volatile

while

C Identifiers

 Identifier refers to name given to entities such as variables, functions, structures etc.

 Identifiers must be unique

 They are created to give a unique name to an entity to identify it during the execution of the

program called variable

 To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name (identifier)

For example:

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int a, b; // Here, a and b are identifiers

Rules for naming identifiers

1. A valid identifier can have letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscores

2. The first letter of an identifier should be either a letter or an underscore, it can be followed by

letter/digit.

3. You cannot use keywords as identifiers.

4. It should not have space in the middle.

Example

valid (Name, RollNo, A123, CSE_A)

invalid ( 12Abc, CSE#, Roll No…)

Data Types in C

 A data type specifies the type of data that a variable can store such as integer

 There are the following data types in C language.

Types

Data Types

Basic DT

int, char, float and double

Derived DT

Array,pointer, structure and

union

Enumeration DT

enum

Void DT

void

Data Types

Memory Size

Range

char

1 byte

−128 to 127

signed char

1 byte

−128 to 127

unsigned char

1 byte

0 to 255

short

2 byte

−32,768 to 32,767

signed short

2 byte

−32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short

2 byte

0 to 65,535

int

2 byte

−32,768 to 32,767

signed int

2 byte

−32,768 to 32,767

unsigned int

2 byte

0 to 65,535

short int

2 byte

−32,768 to 32,767

signed short int

2 byte

−32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short int

2 byte

0 to 65,535

long int

4 byte

-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

signed long int

4 byte

-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int

4 byte

0 to 4,294,967,295

float

4 byte

1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38

double

8 byte

2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308

long double

10 byte

3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932

 int:Integers are whole numbers that can have both zero, positive and negative values but no

decimal values. Ex : int a=2;

 float and double: float and double are used to hold real numbers,Ex : float a=2.345;

 char: Keyword char is used for declaring character type variables.Ex: char test = 'h';

 void: void is an incomplete type. It means "nothing" or "no type“

void main ( )

Example : Integer Output

#include <stdio.h> int main()

{ int testInteger = 5;

printf("Number = %d", testInteger); return 0;

} Output:Number = 5

We use %d format specifier to print int types.

Here, the %d inside the quotations will be replaced by the value of testInteger

Example : float and double Output

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{ float number1 = 13.5;

double number2 = 12.4;

printf("number1 = %f\n", number1);

printf("number2 = %lf", number2);

return 0; }

Output : number1 = 13.500000

number2 = 12.400000

To print float, we use %f format specifier. Similarly, we use %lf to print doublevalues.

Example 4: Print Characters

#include <stdio.h> int main()

{

char chr = 'a';

printf("character = %c.", chr);

return 0;

}

Output

character = a

To print char, we use %c format specifier.

Enumeration constants

 Keyword enum is used to define enumeration data types

 Enumeration is a user defined data type in C. It is mainly used to assign names to integral

constants

For example:

enum color {yellow, green, black, white};

Here, color is a variable and yellow, green, black and white are the enumeration constants having

value 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

An example program to demonstrate working

// of enum in C

#include<stdio.h>

enumweek{Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun};

int main( )

{

enum week day;

day = Wed;

printf("%d",day);

return 0;

}

Output: 2

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/c-tutorial/c-data-types/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzNmyCPmJvU

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/variables-and-keywords-in-c

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.: Computer Fundamentals

and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second Edition.pp 19-21

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD

MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code : Programming For Problem Solving Techniques-19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Variables, Constants

Introduction :

Characters are grouped together to form meaningful words and these meaningful words are termed

as Tokens. Tokens are broadly categorized into following categories and they are as follows:

Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Operators, Special symbols

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

 Structure of a C program

 Knowledge on C Tokens

Detailed content of the Lecture:

Variables in C

 A variable is a name of the memory location.

 It is used to store data.

 Its value can be changed, and it can be reused many times.

 It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily identified.

syntax to declare a variable: type variable_list;

The example of declaring the variable is given below:

1. int a;

2. float b;

3. char c; Here, a, b, c are variables. The int, float, char are the data types.

 We can also provide values while declaring the variables as given below:

1. int a=10,b=20;//declaring 2 variable of integer type

2. float f=20.8;

3. char c='A';

Constants

 Constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution.

 These fixed values are also called literals.

 Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a

character constant, or a string literal.

we can define constants in two ways as shown below:

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1. Using #define preprocessor directive

2. Using a const keyword

Using #define preprocessor directive:

 This directive is used to declare an alias name for existing variable or any value.

 declare a constant as shown below

#define identifierName value

identifierName: It is the name given to constant

value: This refers to any value assigned to identifierName

#include<stdio.h>

#define val 10

int main()

{

printf("Integer Constant: %d\n",val);

return 0;

}

Output: Integer Constant: 10

using a const keyword:

 Using const keyword to define constants is as simple as defining variables, the difference is

you will have to precede the definition with a const keyword

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

const int intVal = 10; // int constant

const float floatVal = 4.14; // Real constant

const char charVal = 'A'; // char constant

const char stringVal[10] = "ABC"; // string constant

printf("Integer constant:%d \n", intVal );

printf("Floating point constant: %.2f\n", floatVal );

printf("Character constant: %c\n", charVal );

printf("String constant: %s\n", stringVal);

return 0;

}

Output:

Integer constant: 10

Floating point constant: 4.14

Character constant: A

String constant:ABC

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS6uNMmIoQ0

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_constants.htm

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.: Computer Fundamentals

and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second Edition.pp22-24

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD

MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code :Programming For Problem Solving Techniques-19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Input / Output Statements in C

Introduction :

C programming language provides many built-in functions to read any given input and to display data

on screen when there is a need to output the result.

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

 Structure of a C program

 Knowledge on functions

Detailed content of the Lecture:

Input Output (I/O) Statemens:

 scanf() -Commonly used function to take input from the user

 scanf - is used when we enter data by using an input device

Syntax: scanf (“format string”, &arg1, &arg2, …..);

C Output

 printf() - is one of the main output function

 This function is used for displaying the output on the screen i.e the data is moved from the

computer memory to the output device

Syntax: printf(“format string”, arg1, arg2, …..);

Example :

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{ int a,b,c;

printf(“Enter any two numbers: \n");

scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

c = a + b;

printf("The addition of two number is: %d", c);

}

Enter any two numbers:

The addition of two number is:15

Format Specifiers for I/O

As you can see from the above examples, we use

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 %d for int

 %f for float

 %lf for double

 %c for char

Here's a list of commonly used C data types and their format specifiers.

Data Type

Format Specifier

int

char

float

double

%lf

short int

%hd

unsigned int

long int

%li

long long int

%lli

unsigned long int

%lu

unsigned long long int

%llu

signed char

unsigned char

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https: https://www.studytonight.com/c/c-input-output-function.php

https://www.slideshare.net/rulza_9621/basic-input-and-output

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66mubvPdaQA

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.: Computer Fundamentals

and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second Edition.pp24-31

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD

MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code :Programming For Problem Solving Techniques -19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture: Operators in C-Arithmetic, Relational

Introduction :

Operators can be defined as basic symbols that help us work on logical and mathematical operations

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

 Structure of a C program

 Knowledge about operator

Detailed content of the Lecture:

Operators in C

 C programming has various operators to perform tasks including arithmetic, conditional and

bitwise operations.

 Operands are variables or expressions which are used in operators to evaluate the expression.

 Combination of operands and operators form an Expression.

 For instance a = b + c; denote an expression in which there are 3 operands a, b, c and two

operator + and =.

 The association of expressions and keywords is called Statements.

For instance int a = b + c; denote a statement..

Types of Operators

Description

Arithmetic_operators

+ - * / %

These are used to perform mathematical

calculations like addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division and modulus

Assignment_operators

= += -= *= /= %=

These are used to assign the values for the

variables in C programs.

Relational operators

<><= >= == !=

These operators are used to compare the value of

two variables.

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Logical operators

&& || !

These operators are used to perform logical

operations on the given two variables.

Bit wise operators

& | ^ ~ <<>>

These operators are used to perform bit

operations on given two variables.

Conditional (ternary) operators

? :

Conditional operators return one value if

condition is true and returns another value is

condition is false.

Increment/decrement operators

++ --

These operators are used to either increase or

decrease the value of the variable by one.

Special operators

& * sizeof

&, *, sizeof( ) and ternary operators.

Arithmetic Operators :

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20

Operator

Description

Example

Adds two operands.

A + B = 30

−

Subtracts second operand from the first.

A − B = -10

Multiplies both operands.

A * B = 200

Divides numerator by de-numerator.

B / A = 2

Modulus Operator and remainder of after an

integer division.

B % A = 0

Increment operator increases the integer value

by one.

A++ = 11

Decrement operator decreases the integer value

by one.

B--=19

#include <stdio.h>

main()

{ int a = 9,b = 4, c;

c = a+b; printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

c = a-b; printf("a-b = %d \n",c);

c = a*b; printf("a*b = %d \n",c);

c = a/b; printf("a/b = %d \n",c);

c = a%b; printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

}

Output :

a+b = 13

a-b = 5

a*b = 36

a/b = 2

Remainder when a divided by b=1

Relational Operators:Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20

Operator

Description

Example

= =

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or

not. If yes, then the condition becomes true.

(A == B) is not true.

Checks if the values of two operands are equal or

not. If the values are not equal, then the condition

becomes true.

(A != B) is

true.

Checks if the value of left operand is greater than

the value of right operand. If yes, then the

condition becomes true.

(A > B) is not true.

Checks if the value of left operand is less than the

value of right operand. If yes, then the condition

becomes true.

(A < B) is true.

Checks if the value of left operand is greater than

or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then

the condition becomes true.

(A >= B) is not true.

Checks if the value of left operand is less than or

equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the

condition becomes true.

(A <= B) is not true.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{ int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10;

printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, b, a == b);

printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, b, a > b);

printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, b, a < c);

printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, b, a != c);

printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, b, a >= b);

printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, b, a <= c);

}

Output:

5 == 5 is 1

5 > 5 is 0

5 < 10 is 1

5 != 10 is 1

5 >= 5 is 1

5 <= 10 is 1

Bit Wise Operators in C:

 These operators are used to perform bit operations.

 Decimal values are converted into binary values which are the sequence of bits and bit wise

operators work on these bits.

 Bit wise operators in C language are & (bitwise AND), | (bitwise OR), ~ (bitwise OR), ^ (XOR),

<< (left shift) and >> (right shift).

Consider x=40 and y=80. Binary form of these values are given below.

x = 00101000 (40)

y= 01010000 (80)

All bit wise operations for x and y are given below.

1. x&y = 00000000 (binary) = 0 (decimal)

2. x|y = 01111000 (binary) = 120 (decimal)

3. ~x = 11010111 = -41 (decimal)

4. x^y = 01111000 (binary) = 120 (decimal)

5. x << 1 = 01010000 (binary) = 80 (decimal)

6. x >> 1 = 00010100 (binary) = 20 (decimal)

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGQRInmOBM8

https://www.programiz.com/c-programming/c-operators

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.: Computer Fundamentals and

Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second Edition.pp32-35

Course Faculty

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MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code :Programming For Problem Solving Techniques -19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Logical, Conditional

Introduction :

Operators can be defined as basic symbols that help us work on logical and mathematical operations

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

 Structure of a C program

 Knowledge about operator

Detailed content of the Lecture:

Logical Operators :

 variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then

Operator

Description

Example

Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-

zero, then the condition becomes true.

(A && B) is false.

Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-

zero, then the condition becomes true.

(A || B) is true.

Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical

state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT

operator will make it false.

! A =0

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{ int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;

result = (a == b) && (c > b);

printf("(a == b) && (c > b) is %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);

printf("(a == b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);

result = !(a != b);

printf("!(a == b) is %d \n", result);

}

(a == b) && (c > b) is 1

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LECTURE HANDOUTS

I / I

CSE

(a == b) || (c < b) is 1

!(a != b) is 1

!(a == b) is 0

Conditional operator:

 Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and returns another value is condition is

false.

 This operator is also called as ternary operator.

Syntax : (Condition? true_value: false_value);

Example : (A > 100 ? 0 : 1);

If the condition is true then expression1 is executed else expression2 is executed

#include <stdio.h>

main()

{ int mark;

printf("Enter mark: "); scanf("%d", &mark);

puts(mark >= 40 ? "Passed" : "Failed");

}

Enter mark: 39 Failed

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/conditional-or-ternary-operator-in-c-c

http://www.trytoprogram.com/c-programming/c-conditional-operator

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:

Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second

Edition.pp35-45

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD

MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NAAC & Affiliated to Anna University)

Rasipuram - 637 408, Namakkal Dist., Tamil Nadu

Course Name with Code :Programming For Problem Solving Techniques -19GES02

Course Faculty :M.SELVI

Unit : I- Introduction to C Programming Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture:Type conversion and Typecasting

Introduction :

In type casting, a data type is converted into another data type by a programmer using casting operator

Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:

 Knowledge about data type

 Precedence of data type

Detailed content of the Lecture:

 The type conversion process in C is basically converting one type of datatype to other

 The conversion is done only between those datatypes wherein the conversion is possible ex –

char to int (lowest data type to highest data type)

Types of conversion:

1. Implicit Type Conversion

2. Explicit Type Conversion

Implicit Type Conversion

 This type of conversion is usually performed by the compiler when necessary without any

commands by the user.

 Thus it is also called "Automatic Type Conversion".

 The compiler usually performs this type of conversion when a particular expression contains

more than one data type.

Rules...

if operand is :

1. char + int = int

2. Float+ double float =double float

3. Float+int=float

Example 1:

int a = 20;

double b = 20.5; a + b;

Here, first operand is int type and other is double. So, converted to double.

Therefore, the final answer is double a + b = 40.500000.

L-9

LECTURE HANDOUTS

I / I

CSE

Example 2:

char ch='a';

int c =13;

a + c;

answer is ch + c = 97 + 13 = 110.

Example 3:

char ch='A';

int a =60; a * b;

int variable, 65 + 60 = 125.

Explicit Type Conversion

 compiler for converting one data type to another instead the user explicitly defines within

the program the datatype of the operands in the expression.

Syntax :(Datatype)variable_name

Example:

double da = 4.5;

double db = 4.6;

double dc = 4.9;

int result = (int)da + (int)db + (int)dc;

printf("result = %d", result);

Output result is :12

C - Type Casting

Type casting is a way to convert a variable from one data type to another data type

Syntax :(type_name) expression

#include <stdio.h>

main()

{ int sum = 17, count = 5; double mean;

mean = (double) sum / count;

printf("Value of mean : %f\n", mean );

} Value of mean : 3.400000

Integer promotion

 If the operands still have different types, then they are converted to the type that appears highest

in the following hierarchy

Video Content / Details of website for further learning (if any):

https:https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-type-casting-and-type-conversion/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3gAwC277a8

Important Books/Journals for further learning including the page nos.:

Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C - Reema Thareja: Oxford University Press, Second

Edition.pp 46-48

Course Faculty

Verified by HOD